Vocabulary 3

1) Analyte: n. sample constituent whose concentration is sought in a chemical analysis.
2) Catalyst: n a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction, without being consumed or produced by the reaction.
3) Displacement: n A reaction in which a fragment of one reactant is replaced by another reactant (or by a fragent of another reactant).
4) Endpoint: n. The experimental estimate of the equivalence point in a titration.
5) Equivalence point: n The equivalence point is the point in a titration when enough titrant has been added to react completely with the analyte.
6) Ionic dissociation: n When ionic substances dissolve, their ions are surrounded by solvent molecules and separated from each other.
7) Limiting reactant: n The reactant that limits the amount of product produced in a chemical reaction.
8) Percent yield: n Percent yield equals experimental yield divided by theoretical yield times 100%.
9) Rearrangement reaction: n  reaction in which a reactant and product are isomers of each other.
10) Spectator ion: n  spectator ion is an ion that appears as both a reactant and a product in an ionic equation.
11) Standard solution: n A solution of precisely known concentration.

12) Theoretical yield: n The amount of product obtained when all of the limiting reagent reacts.

13) Titrant: n. The substance that quantitatively reacts with the analyte in a titration.

14) Titration: n A procedure for determining the amount of some unknown substance (the analyte) by quantitative reaction with a measured volume of a solution of precisely known concentration (the titrant).

15) Yield: n The amount of product actually obtained in a chemical reaction.

16) Elementary reaction: n. A reaction that occurs in a single step.
17) Half life: n The half life of a reaction is the time required for the amount of reactant to drop to one half its initial value.
18) Rate law: n. A rate law or rate equation relates reaction rate with the concentrations of reactants, catalysts, and inhibitors.
19) Activated charcoal: n. A porous form of carbon that acts as a powerful adsorbent, used to decolorize liquids, recover solvents, and remove toxins from water and air.
20) Carbonate hardness: adj. Water hardness due to the presence of calcium and magnesium carbonates and bicarbonates.
21) Dissolved oxygen: n The amount of oxygen dissolved in a solvent (usually water).
22) Excitotoxin: n An excitotoxin is a toxic molecule that stimulates nerve cells so much that they are damaged or killed.
23) Molecular sieve: n A material that contains many small cavities interconnected with pores of precisely uniform size. Zeolites are an example.
24) Teratogen: n A substance that can cause deformities in embryos.
25) Water softening: v. Removal of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ from water to prevent undesirable precipitation reactions from occurring in plumbing, pools, washwater, and boilers.
26) Aliphatic: n. An organic compound that does not contain ring structures.
27) Chelate: n  stable complex of a metal with one or more polydentate ligands.
28) Chiral: adj. Having nonsuperimposable mirror images. For example, a shoe or a glove is chiral.
29) Conformers: n Molecular arrangements that differ only by rotations around single bonds. For example, the "boat" and "chair" forms of cyclohexane are conformers.
30) Coordination number: n The number of bonds formed by the central atom in a metal-ligand complex.
31) Functional group: n A substructure that imparts characteristic chemical behaviors to a molecule, for example, a carboxylic acid group.
32) Zwitterion: n A particle that contains both positively charged and negatively charged groups.
33) Bunsen burner: n A gas burner with adjustable air intake, commonly used in laboratories.
34) Flash point: n The temperature when vapor pressure of a substance becomes high enough to allow the air/vapor layer over the substance to be ignited.
35) MSDS: n material safety data sheet.
Safety information sheet for a particular substance that lists physical properties, hazards, cleanup and disposal procedures, fire and explosion data, and protective equipment required.
36) Acclimatization: v The biological process whereby an organism adapts to a new environment. One example is the process of developing microorganisms that degrade toxic wastes in the environment.
37) Active Ingredient: n Any component that is intended to furnish pharmacological activity or other direct effect in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, or to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals.
38) Adverse Agents: n Undesired effects or toxicity due to exposure (often but not limited to a drug or medical device).
39) Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR): n An undesirable effect that may be caused by a study drug.
40) Air change rate: n The number of times the total air volume of a defined space is replaced in a given unit of time.
41) Airlock: n A room or space designed to act as a means of segregating areas of different air classification or quality.
42) Ames test: n A simple bacterial test for carcinogens.
43) Ampholyte: n Amphoteric electrolyte. Electrolyte that can either give up or take on a hydrogen ion and can thus behave as either an acid or a base.
44) Amphoteric: adj.  Having two opposite characteristics.
45) Ampoule: n  small glass vial sealed after filling and one of the earliest devices developed for safe storage of sterile injectable unit.
46) Anabolism: n The intracellular process involved in the synthesis of more complex compounds than those involved in catabolism (for example, glucose to glycogen) and requires energy.
47) Analytical Data Interchange (ANDI): n A generic file format. It was common practice before CFR 21 Part 11 to save information from analytical instruments in this file format.
48) Ancillary material: n Material used in preparing drugs that does not become a component of the drug (e.g. steam, air, N2, DI water)
49) API Starting Material: n A material used in the production of an API which is itself or is incorporated as a significant structural fragment into the structure of the API. A starting material may be an article of commerce, a material purchased from one or more suppliers under contract or commercial agreement, or it may be produced in-house. Starting materials are normally of defined chemical properties and structure.
50) Assay: n A technique (test) for measuring a biological response or for determining characteristics such as composition, purity, activity, and weight.